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Ginsenoside Compound K (CK) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory pharmacological activities. It has not been isolated from natural ginseng and is mainly prepared by deglycosylation of protopanaxadiol. Compared with the traditional physicochemical preparation methods, the preparation of CK by hydrolysis with protopanaxadiol-type (PPD-type) ginsenoside hydrolases has the advantages of high specificity, environmental-friendliness, high efficiency and high stability. In this review, the PPD-type ginsenoside hydrolases were classified into three categories based on the differences in the glycosyl-linked carbon atoms of the hydrolase action. It was found that most of the hydrolases that could prepare CK were PPD-type ginsenoside hydrolase type Ⅲ. In addition, the applications of hydrolases in the preparation of CK were summarized and evaluated to facilitate large-scale preparation of CK and its development in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Ginsenosides/pharmacology , Hydrolases , Sapogenins/chemistryABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore the relationship between anemia and neuropsychological development in various domains among preschool children in China.@*Methods@#Data came from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children in China, and 3 261 preschool children aged 2-6 years and their parents from 28 sites across 14 provinces were recruited in this study. Parental and child characteristics were obtained by interview administrated questionnaires. Blood hemoglobin(Hb) concentration was determined by Hemocue method. Neuropsychological development quotients were assessed using the Development Scale for Children Aged 0-6 Years(WS/T 580-2017).@*Results@#The average Hb level was (125.23±11.49)g/L and the overall anemia prevalence was 10.30% among preschool children. After adjusting the confounding factors(sex, age, ethnicity, region, feeding mode, maternal status during pregnancy, etc), developmental quotients of gross motor( β=-2.15, 95%CI =-3.89--0.41), fine motor( β=-2.46, 95%CI =-4.12--0.79), adaptive behavior( β=-2.59, 95%CI =-4.42--0.76), language( β=-3.65, 95%CI =-5.53--1.78), personal social behavior( β=-3.11, 95%CI =-4.94--1.28) and full scale( β=-2.79, 95%CI =-4.10--1.49) among children with anemia were significantly lower than non anemic infants( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Anemia was negatively associated with developmental quotient, as well as five domains of gross motor, fine motor, adaptive behavior, language, and personal social behavior in preschool children aged 2-6 years. It is suggested to carry out the work of anemia monitoring and intervention in preschool children to further improve their neuropsychological development.
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Objective To observe the perioperative complications for metastatic cervical tumor,and explore their possible risk factors.Methods From January 2012 to January 2016,57 patients undergoing surgery for cervical spine metastasis were retrospectively analyzed,who were followed-up for at least 12 months or until death.Data collected included pain (a 10-point visual analogue scale,VAS),Karnofsky performance status score,neurologic status according to Frankel scale,perioperative complications,postoperative mortality and so on.Results The VAS score decreased significantly postoperation (P＜0.001).The Frankel grade was significantly improved (P=0.025).The Karnofsky score was also significantly improved (P＜0.001).The rate of local recurrence was 12.3％.Perioperative mortality rate (30 days after surgery) was 3.5％.Perioperative complication incidence was 24.6％.Univariate analysis found that comorbidity,preoperative Karnofsky score ＜60,multisegmental resection,and intraoperative blood loss ＞300ml were significant risk factors for the complication.Multivariable analysis showed that iIntraoperative blood loss ＞300ml and preoperative Karnofsky score ＜60 were the independent predictors for the complication.Conclusions Surgical management for cervical spinal metastasis is effective in terms of neurological recovery,pain control,and performance status recovery.However,the surgery had a high risk of complications that special attention should be paid to.Furthermore,complications might be related to preoperative Karnofsky score and intraoperative blood loss.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of clinical pharmacists participating in the implementation of clinical path-way under the condition of disease diagnosis related groups-prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS),and to provide reference for promoting rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS:Patients with femoral neck fracture in the clinical pathway were collected from our hospital as research objects. The patient collected during Jan.-Dec. 2015 were included in control group(52 patients includ-ed,41 patients completed)and those collected during Jan.-Dec. 2016 were included in observation group(58 patients included,46 patients completed). Clinical pharmacists participated in the implementation of clinical pathway in observation group,and provided technological intervention and administrative intervention. No intervention was performed in control group. Hospitalization time, hospitalization cost,drug cost and ADR were observed in 2 groups. The rationality of antibiotics for prophylactic use,analgesic drugs,adjuvant drugs,anti-osteoporosis drugs and anticoagulant were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:After clinical pharma-cists participating in the implementation of clinical pathway in observation group,there was no statistical significance in hospitalization time or the incidence of ADR between 2 groups(P>0.05); hospitalization cost and drug cost of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). Medication time and cost of antibiotics for prophylactic use,cost of analgesic drugs,medication time of adjuvant drugs in observation group were significantly shorter/lower than control group;type of anti-osteoporosis drugs was significantly more than control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Under DRGs-PPS,the participation of linical pharmacists participating in the implementation of femoral neck fracture clinical pathway can play an important role in regulating the clinical rational use of 5 kinds of drugs and ensuring the safety,effectiveness and econom-ics of drug use.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the classification of the specification grade of Dioscorea opposite.METHODS:Using the Delphi method,17 experts,who were associated with the study of the distribution and clinical application of D.opposite,were selected to conduct two rounds of consultation on 18 samples of medicinal herbs.The importance of the sensory evaluation indexes of D.opposite was screened and the overall satisfaction was evaluated.The specification grade of D.oppositewas determined preliminarily.RESULTS:Totally 17 questionnaires were issued for each round of consultation,and 17 were recovered with recovery rate of 100％.According to statistical analysis,the average value of expert's authority coefficient was 0.77 +0.07,and average recurrence rate of individual review was (91.18 + 7.64)％.The average recurrence rates of group review in two rounds of consultation were (66.67 + 13.50)％ and (65.97 + 14.01)％.The influence of working life,business background and educational background on recurrence rates of group review for interviewed experts was comprehensive.The full score ratio of appearance and cross-sectional characteristics importance was more than 80％,and the average value was more than 0.8.The full score ratio and average value of iron yam were higher.CONCLUSIONS:It is accurate and scientific to evaluate the specification grade of Chinese medicinal herbs with sensory experience.The most important evaluation indicators of D.opposite were the appearance,shape and cross-sectional characteristics.And it is divided into iron yam and non-iron yam preliminarily.The iron yam grade in descending order:Henan sandy iron yam,Shandong sandy iron yam,Henan loquat iron yam.The non-iron yam grade in descending order:Henan Huaiqingfu D.opposite,Hebei Xiaobaizui D.opposite,Hebei Ma D.opposite and Shanxi Chang D.opposite.
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Objective To explore the clinical effect of periodontic treatment in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM ) with chronic periodontitis on basis of hypoglycemic therapy. Methods From September 2011 to January 2014 ,120 T2DM patients with chronic periodontitis were selected and divided into treatment group and control group with 60 cases in each group. Patients in control group were treated with conventional hypoglycemic therapy. Patients in treatment group were treated with initial periodontal therapy additionally on basis of conventional hypoglycemic therapy. Probing depth (PD) ,attachment loss (AL) ,plaque index (PLI) ,bleeding index (BI) and hypersensitive C reactive protein (hsC‐RP) levels were compared before and after 6 weeks treatment. Results PD ,AL ,PLI ,BI ,and hsC‐RP levels had no significant difference between two groups before treatment (P>0.05). PD ,AL ,PLI ,BI and hsC‐RP levels after treatment in treatment group were all significantly decreased [PD :(2.11 ± 0.28) vs (2.51 ± 0.68) and (2.42 ± 0.31) mm ;AL :(3.18 ± 0.41) vs (3.58 ± 0.83) and (3.49 ± 0.58) mm ;PLI:(0.41 ± 0.21) vs (0.96 ± 0.33) and (0.78 ± 0.26);BI:(0.97 ± 0.32) vs (2.65 ± 1.21) and (1.14 ± 0.30);hsC‐RP :(1.02 ± 0.63) vs (3.29 ± 2.88) and (2.72 ± 1.51) mg/L] as compared with those before treatment in treatment group and those after treatment in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Levels of inflammatory factors will decrease when periodontic treatment is added to the antidiabetic therapy in T 2DM patients with chronic periodontitis.
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of low-dose and long-course homoharringtonine and cytarbine (HA) in treating atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia (aCML).Methods Twenty-seven patients diagnosed atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia(aCML) from Oct.2003 to May 2014.in the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force were divided into treatment and control groups.Fourteen cases in the treatment group were given the chemotherapy of HA (H:1.5 mg/(m2 · d),A:100 mg/(m2· d) for two weeks,and 13 cases in the control group were given the combined therapy of Hydroxycarbamide(1-3 g/d) and recombined human interferon α-2b(3×106U by intramuscular injection every other day) for four weeks.The haemoglobin (Hb) level,the numbers of white blood cell count (WBC) and platelet count(PLT) were measured.Moreover,the clinical effects were evaluated through measured hemogram and myelogram at 4 weeks after treatment.Results The levels of Hb,the numbers of WBC and PLT at before and 1 and 2 weeks in treatment group were as same as those in control group(P＞0.05).While,the numbers of WBC and PLT at 2 weeks,as well as Hb and the numbers of WBC and PLT in 3 weeks,4 weeks in treatment group were significantly different from those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,repeated measurement ANOVA showed that the levels of WBC,Hb,PLT between two groups were significant (F between groups =833.16,145.59,143.11;P＜0.05),and there were significant differences at different time (F between groups =443.92,17.41,149.11;P ＜ 0.05),meanwhile with interaction (F across group =69.77,43.26,75.25;P ＜0.05).In treatment group,there was 8 cases were complete remission,2 cases were partial remission and 4 cases were not released,and the total effective rate 71.4％.While in control group,there were no one was complete remission,2 cases were partial remission and 4 cases were not released,and the total effective rate was 15.4％.And the different was significant (x2 =11.25,P＜ 0.05).Conclusion The therapeutic effect of lowdose and long-course HA in treating atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia is more efficient and practical than traditional treatment.And its side effects are tolerable.
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Immunohistochemistry examination showed that SOX-2 was expressed in all 23 cases of odontogenic cyst and in 2 cases of poly-cystic ameloblastoma.
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Objective To investigate the role of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) in neuronal Ca2+ overload following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Neuronal cells of C57BL/6 mouse cortex were collected and cultured. Patch-clamp technique was applied to investigate the changes of intracellular free calcium [Ca2+] i and firing frequency of neuronal action potentials in rest condition or evoked by 100 pA electric current lasting 500 ms after perfusion of Iberiotoxin ( 100 nmmol/L), a BK specific blocker. The cells were divided randomly into experimental group ( plus Iberiotoxin) and control group. Extracellular solution of cultured neurons was further perfused with KCl (20 mmol/L) to induce elevation of [Ca2 +]i and influence of Iberiotoxin ( 100 nmol/L) on amplitude of [Ca2 +] i elevation was determined. Results No significant changes of neuronal spontaneous action potential frequency and [Ca2 +]i were observed in rest condition after perfusion of Iberiotoxin (P＞0.05).However, when evoked by electric current, the frequency of action potential was (10.4 ± 3.0) Hz,which was increased to ( 13.8 ± 3.7 ) Hz after perfusion of Iberiotoxin, with statistical difference (P＜0.05 ). The [Ca2 +] i level was ( 14.21 ± 16.98 ) nmol/Lbefore perfusion with Iberiotoxin but was increased to (44.07 ± 34. 4) nmol/L after perfusion of Iberiotoxin (P ＜ 0.05 ). Extracellular high concentration of KCl increased [Ca2 +] i of neurons, while perfudion of Iberiotoxin further elevated [Ca2 +]i (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion BK may play an important role in the regulation of neuronal [Ca2+] i and in neuronal Ca2+overload following TBI.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of polypeptide extract from scorpion venom (PESV) on the matrix metalloproteinase2（MMP2）and matrix metalloproteinase9（MMP9）expression in leukemia-NOD/SCID mice, and the intervention mechanism of PESV in the multiplication and infiltration of leukemic cells thereof. Methods: In order to establish the animal model of outer marrow infiltration of human leukemia，bone marrow mononuclear cells of leukemia patients, irradiated 270 cGy on body by ~(137)Cs, were injected into NOD/SCID mice. The mice were randomly divided into five groups. The groups I, II and III were treated with different concentrations of PESV. Group Ⅳ was the model group injected by the normal saline solution. GroupⅤ was taken as control. The peripheral white blood cell count and blood smear were observed in groups. All of the mice were killed after four-week observation and MMP2 and MMP9 expressions were examined using Real timePCRmethod. Results: The expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 were significantly lower in group I, group II and group III than that of the model group(P < 0.05). The expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 were related to the concentration of PESV. Moreover, the peripheral white blood cell count and blood smear were more normal in mice treated with PESV than those of mice of model group. Conclusion: PESV inhibited the overexpression of MMP2 and MMP9 in leukemia-NOD/SCID mice, which significantly inhibited the multiplication and infiltration of leukemic cells.
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0.05).The frequency of action potential evoked by electric current was higher after perfusion of iberiotoxin,as well as thei level during depolarization(n=9,P